June 23, 2026 by Beth

Solomon’s Seal

Solomon’s seal (Polygonatum odoratum variegatum) form colonies in open woodlands and shade gardens.

Like tiny pairs of bells, the flowers of Solomon’s Seal hang beneath arching branches, softening the landscape of open woodlands and shade gardens in May and June. Solomon’s Seal (Polygonatum biflorum) is one of my favorite spring wildflowers. I was intrigued by the plant’s name when I first spotted it growing in the open deciduous woods at our cabin in East Central Minnesota.

How did it get its name? It refers to the rhizome, or underground stem, seen by few unless it’s dug up. (I’ve never seen it myself, but it is described as being rough and knobby.)

When each year’s stem dies back, it creates a circular scar with markings that supposedly reminded observers of seals used by royalty in ancient times. Why it was named after King Solomon isn’t clear. A closely related plant, Polygonatum odoratum, is native to the Middle East. (We plant it in our gardens today.) Legend has it that the rhizome’s scars resembled Hebrew letters and reminded people of the seals used on royal documents. They named it after King Solomon to honor his wisdom and ability to heal.

Flower buds of Solomon’s seal will open into paired bells on slender maroon stalks.

Whether or not it’s a plant of legend, Solomon’s Seal is an important member of deciduous woodlands and shade gardens. In its native form, P. biflorum grows in Eastern North America from Saskatchewan to the Atlantic Ocean, south to Florida and west to Texas. Graceful, arching stalks and oval-to-lance-shaped leaves and berries are highlights. Leaf color is a bright lime-to-medium-green surface with whitish or pale green below. In May and June, long rows of delicate ivory-green flowers hang beneath the leaves and look like pairs of tiny bells. Bumblebees and many other species of native bees collect nectar and pollen from them.

In autumn, leaf color softens from bright green to lemon yellow, gold and light brown.

In early autumn, green berries ripen to blue-black spheres beneath the leaves. The berries are toxic to humans, but are a delight for birds, especially members of the thrush family, such as American robins, bluebirds and veeries. (Our berries are always eaten while they’re still green!) Leaves morph from green to lemon yellow and gold before drying to brown.

Hairy Solomon’s seal (Polygonatum pubescens) is similar to P. biflorum, with the addition of fine, short hairs that grow along the underside of the leaf veins. It’s also slightly larger and has larger flowers than P. biflorum. Both grow well in shade/partial shade gardens. They prefer moist, rich soil, but will also tolerate dry conditions. Both varieties grow well in eastern North America, primarily in USDA and Canadian hardiness zones 3-8 and 3a-8b respectively.

Indigenous peoples used Polygonatum in medicine and cooking. The rhizome was ground up and used as a poultice for wounds and bruises, and as an anti-inflammatory agent to treat a variety of respiratory, digestive and connective tissue problems. It was cooked and eaten similar to a potato and also was ground up to make flour.

Polygonatum odoratum, which is native to Eurasia, is a popular garden plant, especially P. odoratum variegatum. The leaves are egg-shaped, and variegated in icy green and ivory. When the shoots emerge and begin to unwrap in early spring, they are often streaked with pale pink, as are the early leaves.

The emerging tips of variegated Solomon’s seal are streaked with light pink.

In my partial sun/shade garden, I grow P. odoratum variegatum (USDA/Canada hardiness zones 3-9/3b-9a) with sweet woodruff, wild geranium, painted ferns, ghost ferns, Canada wild ginger and in one area of the garden, with a selection of variegated hosta.

Variegated Solomon’s seal grows well with ferns, wild Canada ginger and sweet woodruff in my shade garden.

Sources and Further Reading

Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden (This website features excellent photos of all parts of each plant.)

Missouri Department of Conservation

Sanders, Jack. (2014). The Secrets of Wildflowers: A Delightful Feast of Little-Known Facts, Folklore and History. Guilford, Connecticut: Lyons Press, Pp. 80-82.

TN Nursery

Wisconsin Horticulture

May 6, 2026 by Beth

Canada Wild Ginger: A Hidden Surprise

The unusual blossoms of Canada Wild Ginger (Asarum canadense) are tucked beneath the plant at the base of its heart-shaped leaves. They remind me of fuzzy, patterned winter hats.

It’s elfin, plain and hidden — Canada Wild Ginger isn’t a typical Minnesota spring wildflower. A few days ago, flecks of smoke green caught my eye in the shadows, perhaps remnants of last year’s foliage. I crawled under the arbor vitae for a better look and found new leaves of Canada wild ginger (Asarum canadense) pushing into the light.

Freshly emerged, they looked small and wrinkled, but they will unfurl into pairs of rounded, heart-shaped leaves that will turn deep green and cover that area of our small shade garden until late autumn.

Newly emerged Canada wild ginger leaves don’t resemble typical springtime foliage!

Soon after the leaves assume their heart shape, round buds and then tiny maroon-and-cream flowers appear near the base of the plant. Often overlooked because of their small size, hidden location and earthy color, their unique pattern is worth seeing. Gently lift the leaves aside and look at their base for pinkish-green buds, or small flowers that remind me of fuzzy, knitted winter caps.

Round, pink buds appear tucked into the fork of two leaf stalks on the ground.

The flowers are a spring ephemeral¹ and last only a few days in April or early May. The beautiful leaves cover the ground through autumn, especially in shaded, moister areas of the garden and woods.

How are such early flowers pollinated, since most bees and other pollinators are inactive and the flowers are hidden? Current thinking is that the plant mainly relies on self-pollination. When the buds open, the anthers (male) are ready to receive pollen. A few days later, the plant’s stamens (female) will stretch upward toward the anthers carrying the pollen so that fertilization takes place within the plant. Other methods have been suggested, but there’s little proof to support them. These include: Ants, small beetles and tiny snails use the flowers as resting places at night and unintentionally move pollen around. Some researchers believed that tiny spring fungus gnats also pollinated the plants. However, there is little to substantiate this method for this species of wild ginger.

Current thinking is that the flowers of Asarum canadense are primarily self-pollinated, though some insects may accidentally pollinate the flower.

Pollination isn’t the only thing done differently by this plant. The seeds are dispersed primarily by ants and a few beetles in a process called myrmecochory. Like bloodroot, another early ephemeral, wild ginger’s seeds have a special piece called an elaiosome that is rich in nutrients. Ants carry the seeds home where they consume the elaiosome and toss the seed aside in the “garbage pile” of their underground nest. The ants benefit from the nutritious snack; the seeds benefit because they’ve been carried away from the parent plant to a new location. Being in the dirt of the ants’ nest also protects them from mice and other rodents who would dine on them above ground. It’s possible that seeds may also be transported by animals that brush against the plant.

Canada wild ginger slowly spreads into colonies in gardens and natural settings by means of plant rhizomes. Rhizomes are shoots that spread horizontally underground to establish new plants, such as in iris and asparagus. I first spotted Canada wild ginger growing at our cabin and was attracted by the leaves that hold their beauty all season. I love their heart shape and that they deepen in color as they age.

The colony in my home garden started with one plant from a local native plant nursery a dozen or more years ago. I planted it with other woodland species that do well in dappled sun and shade with slightly moist soil, including ghost ferns, painted ferns, sweet woodruff, Solomon’s seal, wild geranium, bloodroot and Virginia bluebells. Later in autumn, delicate and sparse zigzag goldenrod blooms around it. Asarum canadense is found throughout the eastern region of the U.S. and Canada. It grows in Canadian plant hardiness zones 2 through 8 and in USDA zones 2 through 8, although I’ve also seen it listed in zones 3 through 7 or 4 through 8.

Dark green Canada wild ginger leaves provide a reliable ground cover in shadier gardens and woodlands.

This plant has a light scent similar to Asian ginger used in the kitchen, but it is not edible for humans and the two plants are unrelated. Some sources note that Native Americans used the plant as a poultice for wounds. (Two antibiotic substances have been found in the roots.) Others note that it may have been used to flavor some foods. However, because it contains carcinogens and other poisonous compounds, it isn’t widely used in culinary work today. Enjoy its lasting leaves and unusual flower in your shade or woodland garden.

Zingiber officinale from Southeast Asia is a common ginger used in cooking, but there are many others in the Zingiberaceae family. It is unrelated to Canada wild ginger. Photographed at the Marjorie McNeely Conservatory, Saint Paul, MN.

¹Spring ephemerals are wildflowers that grow, bloom, produce seed and usually become dormant by early summer. They typically grow on the forest floor before the overhead canopy of leaves opens.

Resources and Further Reading

Forest Service U.S. Department of Agriculture

Prairie Moon Nursery

The Secrets of Wildflowers by Jack Sanders Pp. 83-85

University of Illinois Extension Services

University of Richmond Scholarship Repository

June 22, 2024 by Beth

Baltimore Orioles

Baltimore orioles were named for the orange and black colors on the heraldic crest of the Baltimore family of England, for which the City of Baltimore, MD, is also named.

Like miniature suns, Baltimore orioles (Icterus galbula) light up early summer’s lush green foliage. About the size of a red-winged blackbird, these orioles are colorful members of the blackbird family. They are often recognized for their golden color and beautiful woven hanging-basket nests.¹

I saw my first Baltimore oriole in the Twin Cities when I was five or six. Graceful American elms lined every street then, and were the preferred nesting tree of orioles. Since the demise of the elms by Dutch elm disease, many of the orioles I see and hear are in the woods at our cabin. In the city, I find them most often when I walk next to the Mississippi River and around the Minneapolis lakes. Their call is described as paired, pure flutelike notes. They’re easy to listen to and their song contains fewer harsh notes than other oriole species.

Most years, they weave a nest in the outer branches of quaking aspens that overhang our cabin yard, but one year, they nested in a red oak tree next to the cabin. The female constructs the nest using a combination of plant fibers, such as long strips of bark from grape and other vines, grasses and hair. She often selects artificial fibers, too — yarn, fishing line and twine. The two outer layers of the nest provide the saclike structure. The third inner layer consists of soft hair, wool and downy fibers to protect the eggs and hatchlings.

Female Baltimore orioles skillfully weave a hanging nest of natural and artificial materials, such as grapevine, hair, fishing line and twine. They may use wool, down from cottonwood trees or milkweed to line the nest.

When left to their own resources, Baltimore orioles typically eat caterpillars, moths and many other types of insects. Like warblers and flycatchers, they dart out and back from foliage to snatch flying insects. At other times, they remind me of chickadees as they perform acrobatics over and under tree branches in search of beetles, aphids and spiders. They also like flower nectar and fruit, and can sometimes damage fruit crops. During spring and fall migration, our neighbors, Ed and Melinda, keep a fresh dish of grape jelly on their deck railing for the orioles. My father-in-law always suspended fresh orange slices from the bird feeder pole for them. Both delights attracted lots of orioles (and hornets in autumn)!

An immature oriole feeds on grape jelly, one of their favorite foods.

Baltimore orioles spend most of the year on their wintering grounds in Central America, southern Mexico and Florida. They breed in eastern and northern North America as far west as the Central Great Plains and north into southern Canada. Their time in Minnesota is brief: I usually spot my first oriole in mid-May and see the last one in early September. In addition to Baltimore orioles, Minnesota is also the summer residence of orchard orioles and, occasionally, Bullock’s oriole.

Female and immature male Baltimore orioles are sometimes difficult to tell apart.

¹In the Great Plains states, the Baltimore and Bullock’s orioles frequently interbreed and produce hybrid offspring. Between 1983 and 1995, scientists believed that the birds were one species, which they named the northern oriole. Later, genetic testing proved they were two separate species and ornithologists returned to using “Baltimore” and “Bullock’s.”

Sources and Further Reading

All About Birds – Baltimore Oriole

Audubon Field Guide – Baltimore Oriole

May 6, 2024 by Beth

Mining Bees

A mining bee (Andrena spp.) pollinates Canada cherry blossoms (Prunus virginiana, ‘Canada Red’).

Redbud, crabapple, dogwood, wild plum and cherry are just a few of the trees blooming in May. What’s pollinating all these beautiful blossoms?

More than 500 species of native bees are responsible for pollinating many of Minnesota’s spring flowers and trees. Mining bees (Andrena spp.) are one of the earliest to emerge and get busy. Like bumblebees, they are wrapped in warm, fuzzy hair that helps insulate and equip them to be active when it’s still too cold for honey bees to work.

Mining bees are solitary ground nesters. Unlike honey bees, bumblebees and others that nest in a colony, each mining bee digs her own individual spot, though they often nest near each other. Look for their small burrows, (about the diameter of an average pencil), in an exposed area of ground. I’ve seen them in soil along garden walls, in bare ground in the garden, or bordering sidewalks. The nests are only active for a very short time in spring and are interesting to watch. Female mining bees place small balls of pollen and nectar in their tunnels, lay an egg on top of each ball and then seal the chamber. Each larva will feed on the pollen and nectar during its development. The female dies soon after reproducing, while the larvae overwinter in their tunnels, typically leaving the following April or May to mate and continue the life cycle.

A mining bee (Andrena spp.) is dusted with pollen after working inside a Siberian squill (Scilla siberica) blossom.

Other species of mining bees reach adulthood in late summer and fall. Their life cycle is similar to their springtime cousins’, but they pollinate a range of different flowers, such as goldenrod and wild asters.

Sometimes people want to oust mining bees for fear of being stung, or they dislike the appearance of tiny tunnels in their garden or lawn. Unlike hornets and wasps, these small bees are quite docile and rarely sting unless handled roughly. They’re focused on producing the next generation and aren’t interested in sampling your supper or glass of wine! (In fact, most of the bees zipping around the nesting area are males, who don’t have stingers.) When I notice their nests, I just work around them and the bees ignore me. They’re more active when the sun warms their nesting area, so it’s easier to garden near them when it is shady and cool.

Besides pollinating flowers and fruit trees across North America, mining bees are prey for many songbirds, small rodents, jumping spiders, some species of ants and other insects.

Further Reading and Sources

Backyard Ecology

Bug of the Week (UW-Milwaukee)

Sharp-Eatman Nature Photography

April 18, 2024 by Beth

Spring Blues

Siberian squill (Scilla siberica) grow under an ash tree in our backyard.

They appeared early this year. Fresh green tips of Siberian squill (Scilla siberica) pushed through bare, frost-free soil in February. When they began to bloom, a spring snowstorm buried them beneath a shimmering blanket. Though not a native wildflower, their Russian and Turkish origins outfit them well for the toughest of Minnesota winters. The melting snow watered them, spurring growth and bloom. I love their ultramarine blue radiance, a color infrequent among flowers. They attract many early native bees and honey bees to our urban garden when few other spring ephemerals are blooming.¹ Our backyard hums with the gentle drone of bees — the first I’ve heard since last November. I’ve missed them.

¹If you don’t have Siberian squill in your garden, it’s best not to plant them. A non-native, they can become invasive, especially near woodlands and other natural areas.

June 3, 2023 by Beth

Wild Roses

Wild rose buds (Rosa blanda) usually open in June in Minnesota.

Wild roses bloom across the oak savanna in early June. Their petals blush the delicate color of a northern spring sunrise. To my mind they are classic blooms: simple petals, sun-gold centers, and a delicate aroma. They dot woodland edges, roadsides and trail borders. Like the majority of springtime wildflowers, they vanish quickly. However, they are soon succeeded by a riot of red rose hips — fruit that will decorate the plants until next spring, or until eaten by wintering birds and mammals. Besides providing rose hips later in the season, the blooms are attractive to many types of bees, butterflies, tiny wasps and other native insects that seek nectar and pollen in the small, plentiful blossoms.

Metallic green bees (Agapostemon) are among the many native pollinators that visit wild roses.

Bright red rose hips decorate each plant until the following spring, or until eaten by wildlife, such as birds, squirrels, rabbits and bears. Each hip contains several seeds.

April 21, 2022 by Beth

Seashore Early Morning

Early morning on a Gulf Coast beach in West Central Florida.

Early on there is the sound of seabirds and surf, the scent of sand and salt with a hint of fish. Steel-blue water surges inward tossing up sea jewels with names like cockle, calico scallop, cat’s paw, coquina and lucina on the sand before it retreats in a quiet hiss.

Willets, sanderlings, terns and other tiny shorebirds race ahead of the surf on their skinny legs. They probe the wet sand for breakfast invertebrates after each retreating wave. In contrast, brown pelicans swoop in soundlessly over the water. One plunges sharply, surfaces with a fish that squirms as the pelican swallows. On shore, a great blue heron stands companionably near a fisherman, waiting for the catch of the day.

Sanderlings (Calidris alba)

Royal terns (Thalasseus maximus)

A few feet from shore, the rising sun lights up sea oxeye daisies, blanket flowers, dune sunflowers, seaside gentians, sea oats, sea grapes and other native plants. They help anchor the dunes and provide habitat for many insects, birds and other creatures.

Seaside gentian (Eustoma exaltatum)

Florida west coast dune sunflower (Helianthus debilis vestitus)

Blanket flower (Gaillardia pulchella)

They are lovely, but it is to the sea that I return; sea and open sky. The rhythmic swoosh and hiss, ebb and flow, lulls, relaxes, and focuses me on this present moment. It is peaceful, joyful, hopeful. A fresh start.

May 5, 2021 by Beth

Robins and Apple Blossoms

Robins and apple blossoms will always symbolize spring to me.

Spotting a robin in March signaled the onset of spring to me as a child. We had a “Golden Book” titled, Birds: A Child’s First Book About Our Most Familiar Birds. It featured drawings of neatly woven nests cradling delicate eggs and portraits of familiar garden birds. Illustrations often showed robin nests built in blossoming apple trees and that image, along with the robin’s melodic songs, became synonymous with spring in my young mind.

Rose-colored beacon apple buds open to white blossoms.

Decades later, my husband and I bought our home in Saint Paul. Our first evening there, we sat on the back stoop beneath a beacon apple tree that’s now more than 80 years old. Two adult robins flew in and out of its leafy crown indicating the presence of a nest. A chorus of high-pitched chirps greeted the parents as the hatchlings anticipated dinner, their tiny heads stretching over the nest’s rim. During the next few weeks, we were privy to nestling squabbles, flight training, food procuring and the proper way to down a worm!

An American robin (Turdis migratorius) hunts worms and grubs for hungry nestlings.

Some say that red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) are the new sign of spring’s return to Minnesota. Robins now winter in the state and I hear their sweet songs on milder midwinter days. Many birds can withstand very cold weather as long as they find enough food to fuel their metabolic rate. Gardens often feature crabapple, mountain ash, dogwood and other fruit eaten by wintering birds. City boulevard plantings include fruit trees and larger trees like hackberry. I frequently see large groups of wintering robins dart between the crowns of boulevard hackberries near Saint Catherine University in Saint Paul. Robins also eat bird feeder food during winter that they wouldn’t touch in other seasons. Many a robin has dined with the woodpeckers at our suet feeder!

Sometimes I wake up to robin song drifting in through my bedroom windows in the predawn darkness. I remember childhood mornings of their pure, lovely caroling along with the scent of lilacs, the touch of humid air and perhaps thunder rumbling in the distance from an early morning storm. These are joyful memories — and though robins often ride out the winter in Minnesota, their clear singing, and the beauty of apple blossoms, still signify spring to me.

Our beacon apple tree (Malus domestica ‘Beacon’) is more than 80 years old. Standing beneath it, I hear the steady hum of bees pollinating the delicate blossoms.

Early Spring Native Flowers: Bloodroot

Native bloodroot flowers (Sanguinea canadensis) emerge with a single leaf tightly wrapped around each of them. (Notice the early native bee near the top of the photo!)

One of Minnesota’s earliest native wildflowers is bloodroot, (Sanguinea canadensis). Given its name, you might expect a scarlet or crimson flower. In fact, it blooms ice-white with a sun-gold center, though some emerge light pink. They look out of place, so stark and fresh among the remains of last year’s woodland growth and garden detritus. Its name refers to the toxic red-orange sap in the rhizome or root.

Each bloom emerges wrapped in a single curling leaf like a little blanket. The leaf remains curled until the blossom withers and then unfurls into a rounded leaf with a varying number of lobes. The leaves range in color from light green to blue-green depending on the plant’s age and condition. In its natural setting, bloodroot often grows along woodland edges, which provide sun in early spring and shade when the trees leaf out. In my garden, it grows along the edge of an arbor vitae hedge and under an ash tree. With shade and regular watering, bloodroot creates a pretty ground cover that lasts all summer under deciduous trees. If they aren’t watered during summer’s hot, dry spells, bloodroot leaves just go dormant until the following spring.

Sometimes the flowers have a pink coloration when they open.

Native bees, honey bees and beetles pollinate bloodroot, which also can self-pollinate. Fertilized flowers form elongated capsules that enclose spherical seeds colored black, red, or brown. Here’s what’s special about bloodroot seeds: Each produces an elaiosome, an attachment containing lipids, amino acids and other nutrients. Attracted to these nutrients, ants carry the seeds back to their nests and feed the elaiosomes to their larvae. The ants either discard the remaining seed in a separate chamber of their nest, or toss it back out onto the ground. Either way, this process, called myrmecochory, helps ensure that the bloodroot seeds are dispersed for germination. Other spring wildflowers, such as violets, trilliums, hepaticas and Canada wild ginger, also form this mutual relationship with ants.

Ants help disperse the seeds after ripe bloodroot pods split open.

A member of the poppy family, bloodroot is native to much of eastern North America from Nova Scotia south to Florida, west to Manitoba and south to Texas. Native Americans used the plant’s red sap to make paint and to dye clothing, leather and other items. It blooms from March to May in Minnesota woodlands and was one of the first native wildflowers that I identified in the woods at our cabin years ago. The plants in most of these photos grow in our backyard. They hold special meaning for me because they were a gift from my aunt, who grew them under her trees for decades. They remind me of how she nurtured my love for nature when I was young.

Native bloodroot covers a hillside above the Mississippi River in the Twin Cities.

Spring Happens All Around Us

Raindrops collect on new spirea (Spirea japonica) leaf rosettes.

On a recent morning, a friend looked outside and noticed the green blush beginning on trees and bushes. She recalled a teaching colleague’s comment during playground duty years ago. The colleague, a quiet woman of few words said, joyfully, “Oh, take a look! Spring is happening right before our eyes!”

Indeed it is. Thunderstorms, rain and mild temperatures coaxed baby leaves from their snug buds. They open like tiny green roses, flawless and smooth, not yet chewed upon by insects or mammals. Even on these cloudy, gray days buds and baby leaves paint the landscape in soft pastel greens and yellows. Don’t miss their fleeting, fragile beauty! They’ll quickly mature to full size and summer’s cool greens.

Many baby leaves, like these oaks, emerge in shades of yellow or “spring green” and later deepen to their full color.

New leaves open like flawless green roses on dwarf Tina Sargent crabapple (Malus sargentii ‘Tina’)